Medicinal Trees: Elm (Ulmus)

Fourteen varieties of Elm have been found useful in Herbal Medicine: Ulmus alata - Winged Elm, Ulmus americana - American Elm, Ulmus davidiana - Japanese Elm, Ulmus glabra - Wych Elm, Ulmus japonica – Japanese, Ulmus laciniata, Ulmus macrocarpa, Ulmus parvifolia - Chinese Elm, Ulmus procera - English Elm, Ulmus pumila - Siberian Elm, Ulmus rubra - Slippery Elm, Ulmus thomasii - Rock Elm, Ulmus villosa - Cherry Bark Elm, Ulmus wallichiana

Three Elms are native to my region: Ulmus alata (Winged Elm), Ulmus americana (American Elm), Ulmus rubra (Slippery Elm). Three Elms have been naturalized: Ulmus parviflora (Chinese Elm, Lacebark Elm), Ulmus procera (English Elm), Ulmus pumila (Siberian Elm)

Elm is likely the most commonly known and used tree in Herbal Medicine, due to the popularity of Slippery Elm. This common use has led Slippery Elm to be over-harvested in many areas.

Saint Hildegard von Bingen wrote of Elm:

One who is troubled by gicht should burn a fire with its wood only. Soon, he should warm himself by the fire, and the gicht will cease immediately. But for one who is virgichtiget, so tha this tongue fails to speak, fresh new leaves of this tree should be placed in water, and this should be given to him to drink. The gicht in his tongue will cease, and he will recover his speech. One who has freislich on his body should often drink the same water, tempered with those leaves, and the freislich will disappear. If someone burns this wood alone, heats water with it, and takes a bath with this water, it will take away malignity and bad will, and give him benevolence, and make his mind happy. The tree has a certain prosperity in its nature, so that spirits of the air are unable to move phantasms, wrongs, and illusions through it with their many wrathful confrontations.

While I do not know what freislich is… I certainly wish to avoid wrathful confrontations!

Gerard wrote:

A. The leaves and bark of the Elm be moderately hot, with an evident cleansing faculty; they have in the chewing a certain clammy and gluing quality.

B. The leaves of Elm glue and heal up green wounds, so doth the bark wrapped and swaddled about the wound like a bandage.

C. The leaves being stamped with vinegar do take away scurf.

D. Dioscorides writeth, that one ounce weight of the thicker bark drunk with wine or water purgeth phlegm.

E. The decoction of Elm leaves, as also of the bark or root, healeth broken bones very speedily, if they be fomented or bathed therewith.

F. The liquor that is found in the blisters doth beautify the face, and scoureth away all spots, freckles, pimples, spreading tetters, and such like, being applied thereto.

G. It healeth green wounds, and cureth ruptures newly made, being laid on with Spleenwoort and the truss closely set unto it.

Culpepper wrote, of the Government and Virtues of Elm Tree:

It is a cold and Saturnine plant. The leaves thereof bruised and applied heal green wounds, being bound thereon with its own bark. The leaves or the bark used with vinegar cureth scurf and leprosy very effectually: The decoction of the leaves, bark, or root, being bathed, heals broken bones. The water that is found in the bladders on the leaves, while it is fresh, is very effectual to cleanse the skin, and make it fair; and if cloths be often wet therein, and applied to the ruptures of children, it healeth them, if they be well bound up with a truss. The said water put into a glass, and set into the ground, or else in dung for twenty-five days, the mouth thereof being close stopped, and the bottom set upon a lay of ordinary salt, that the foces may settle and become clear, is a singular and sovereign balm for green wounds, being used with soft tents: The decoction of the bark of the root fomented, mollifieth hard tumours, and the shrinking of the sinews. The roots of the elm, boiled for a long time in water, and the fat arising on the top thereof being clean scummed off, and the place anointed therewith that is grown bald, and the hair fallen away, will quickly restore them again. The said bark ground with brine and pickle, until it come to the form of a poultice, and laid on the place pained with the gout, giveth great ease. The decoction of the bark in water, is excellent to bathe such places as have been burnt with fire.

Mrs. Grieves wrote of both “Common” and Slippery Elm:

(Common Elm) Medicinal Action and Uses---Tonic, demulcent, astringent and diuretic. Wasformerly employed for the preparation of an antiscorbutic decoction recommended in cutaneous diseases of a leprous character, such as ringworm. It was applied both externally and internally. Under the title of Ulmus the dried inner bark was official in the British Pharmacopoeia of 1864 and 1867 directions for the preparation of Decoc. Ulmi being as follows: Elm Bark 1 part, water 8 parts; boil for 10 minutes, strain, make up to 8 parts.

A homoeopathic tincture is made of the inner bark, and used as an astringent.

Fluid extract, dose 2 to 4 oz. three or four times daily.

A medicinal tea was also formerly made from the flowers.

In Persia, Italy and the south of France, galls, sometimes the size of a fist, are frequently produced on the leaves. They contain a clear water called eau d'orme, which is sweet and viscid, and has been recommended to wash wounds, contusions and sore eyes. Culpepper tells us:

'the water that is found in the bladders on the leaves of the elm-tree is very effectual to cleanse the skin and make it fair.'

Towards autumn, these galls dry, the insects in them die and there is found a residue in the form of a yellow or blackish balsam, called beaume d'ormeau, which has been recommended for diseases of the chest.

(Slippery Elm) Medicinal Action and Uses---Demulcent, emollient, expectorant, diuretic, nutritive. The bark of this American Elm, though not in this country as in the United States an official drug, is considered one of the most valuable remedies in herbal practice, the abundant mucilage it contains having wonderfully strengthening and healing qualities.

It not only has a most soothing and healing action on all the parts it comes in contact with, but in addition possesses as much nutrition as is contained in oatmeal, and when made into gruel forms a wholesome and sustaining food for infants and invalids. It forms the basis of many patent foods.

Slippery Elm Food is generally made by mixing a teaspoonful of the powder into a thin and perfectly smooth paste with cold water and then pouring on a pint of boiling water, steadily stirring meanwhile. It can, if desired, be flavoured with cinnamon, nutmeg or lemon rind.

This makes an excellent drink in cases of irritation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, and taken at night will induce sleep.

Another mode of preparation is to beat up an egg with a teaspoonful of the powdered bark, pouring boiling milk over it and sweetening it.

Taken unsweetened, three times a day, Elm Food gives excellent results in gastritis, gastric catarrh, mucous colitis and enteritis, being tolerated by the stomach when all other foods fail, and is of great value in bronchitis, bleeding from the lungs and consumption (being most healing to the lungs), soothing a cough and building up and preventing wasting.

A Slippery Elm compound excellent for coughs is made as follows: Cut obliquely one or more ounces of bark into pieces about the thickness of a match; add a pinch of Cayenne flavour with a slice of lemon and sweeten, infusing the whole in a pint of boiling water and letting it stand for 25 minutes. Take this frequently in small doses: for a consumptive patient, about a pint a day is recommended. It is considered one of the best remedies that can be given as it combines both demulcent and stimulating properties. Being mucilaginous, it rolls up the mucous material so troublesome to the patient and passes it down through the intestines.

In typhoid fever, the Slippery Elm drink, prepared as for coughs, is recommended, serving a threefold purpose, to cleanse, heal and strengthen, the patient being allowed to drink as much as desired until thirst has abated, and other remedies can be used. If the patient is not thirsty, a dose of 2 large tablespoonfuls every hour for an adult has been prescribed.

The bark is an ingredient in various lung medicines. A valuable remedy for Bronchitis and all diseases of the throat and lungs is compounded as follows: 1 teaspoonful Flax seed, 1 OZ. Slippery Elm bark, 1 OZ. Thoroughwort, 1 stick Liquorice, 1 quart water. Simmer slowly for 20 minutes. Strain and add 1 pint of the best vinegar and 1/2 pint of sugar. When cold, bottle. Dose: 1 tablespoonful two or three times a day.

In Pleurisy, the following is also recommended: Take 2 oz. each of Pleurisy root, Marsh Mallow root, Liquorice root and Slippery Elm bark. Boil in 3 pints of water down to 3 gills. Dose: 1/2 teaspoonful every half-hour, to be taken warm.

As a heart remedy, a pint of Slippery Elm drink has been prescribed alternately with Bugleweed compound.

Slippery Elm bark possesses also great influence upon diseases of the female organs.

It is particularly valuable both medicinally and as an injection in dysentery and other diseases of the bowels, cystitis and irritation of the urinary tract. The injection for inflammation of the bowels is made from an infusion of 1 OZ. of the powder to 1 pint of boiling water, strained and used lukewarm. Other remedies should be given at the same time.

An injection for diarrhoea may also be made as follows: 1 drachm powdered Slippery Elm bark, 3 drachms powdered Bayberry, 1 drachm powdered Scullcap.

Pour on 1/2 pint of boiling water, infuse for half an hour, strain, add a teaspoonful of tincture of myrrh and use lukewarm.

As an enema for constipation, 2 drachms of Slippery Elm bark are mixed well with 1 OZ. of sugar, then 1/2 pint of warm milk and water and an ounce of Olive Oil are gently stirred in.

Injection for worms (Ascarides): 1/2 drachm Aloes powder, 1 drachm common salt, 1/2 drachm Slippery Elm powder (fine). When well mixed, add 1/2 pint warm water and sweeten with molasses, stirring well.

Slippery Elm mucilage is also prescribed to be mixed with Oil of Male Fern (2 oz. of the mucilage to 1 drachm of the oil) as a remedy for the expulsion of tapeworm

The Red Indians have long used this viscous inner bark to prepare a healing salve, and in herbal medicine a Slippery Elm bark powder is considered one of the best possible poultices for wounds, boils, ulcers, burns and all inflamed surfaces, soothing, healing and reducing pain and inflammation.

It is made as follows: Mix the powder with hot water to form the required consistency, spread smoothly upon soft cotton cloth and apply over the parts affected. It is unfailing in cases of suppurations, abscesses, wounds of all kinds, congestion, eruptions, swollen glands, etc. In simple inflammation, it may be applied directly over the part affected; to abscesses and old wounds, it should be placed between cloths. If applied to parts of the body where there is hair, the face of the poultice should be smeared with olive oil before applying.

In old gangrenous wounds, an excellent antiseptic poultice is prepared by mixing with warm water or an infusion of Wormwood, equal parts of Slippery Elm powder and very fine charcoal and applying immediately over the part.

A very valuable poultice in cases where it is desirable to hasten suppuration or arrest the tendency to gangrene is made by mixing the Slippery Elm powder with brewer's yeast and new milk.

Compound Bran poultice is made by mixing with hot vinegar equal quantities of wheaten Bran with Slippery Elm powder. This is an excellent poultice for severe rheumatic and gouty affections, particularly of the joints, synovitis etc.

Herbal poultices, generally made from the bruised, fresh leaves of special herbs, are frequently mixed with Slippery Elm and boiling water sufficient to give the mass consistency.

Marshmallow Ointment, one of the principal ointments used in herbal medicine, has a considerable proportion of Slippery Elm bark in its composition. It is made as follows: 3 oz. Marshmallow leaves, 2 OZ. Slippery Elm bark powder, 3 oz. Beeswax, 16 OZ. Lard. Boil the Marshmallow and Slippery Elm bark in 3 pints of water for 15 minutes. Express, strain and reduce the liquor to half a pint. Melt together the lard and wax by gentle heat, then add the extract while still warm, shake constantly till all are thoroughly incorporated and store in a cool place.

The bark of Slippery Elm is stated to preserve fatty substances from becoming rancid.

It has been asserted that a pinch of the Slippery Elm powder put into a hollow tooth stops the ache and greatly delays decay, if used as soon as there is any sign of decay.

Lozenges or troches containing 3 grains of Elm flavoured with methyl salicylate are used as a demulcent.

An Irish Herbal states:

The leaves and inner bark heal and consolidate wounds, bruises and fractured bones. The liquid that is found in the leaves removes freckles, pimples and spreading eruptions. The bark is abstersive and is frequently used in gargles for sore mouths and throats. The inner bark, being scraped off and steeped in water for 24 hours, is exceedingly good to be applied to burns and scalds.

Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests states:

SLIPPERY ELM, (Ulmus fulva.) I have observed it in Fairfield District. It is sometimes found in the lower districts, N. C. Am. Herbal. 139; Frost's Elems. Mat. Med. and Therap. 228; U. S. Disp. 727; Dr. McDowell's Med. Exam. 244; West Jour. Med. and Phys. Sc; Michaux, Fl. Americana, i, 172^; and N. Am. Sylva, iii, 89 ; Griffith, Med. Bot. 563. A decoction of the bark was much used by the Indians in the cure of leprosy. It is an excellent demulcent employed as an emollient application, and internally is especially recommended in suppression of urine, inflammation of the bladder, dysentery and diarrhea. A decoction made of this, combined with the root of the sassafras, and guaiac, is esteemed as a valuable drink to increase cutaneous transpiration, and to improve the tone of the digestive organs. Griffith considers it a good substitute for acacia, and he has witnessed its beneficial effects, externally applied, in obstinate cases of herpetic and syphilitic eruptions; he is inclined to ascribe higher curative powers to it than are generally admitted. It forms a good vehicle for enemata, where a mucilaginous fluid is required. The bark, cut in the form of a bougie, has been used in dilating sinuses and contractions of the urethra. The sub- stance exuding from the bark is called ulmin. It could be largely collected for the use of soldiers—suitable wherever a highly mucilaginous substance is required.

I append the following to the second edition: Dr. C. W. Wright, of Cincinnati, states (Western Lancet) that slippery elm bark has the property of preserving fatty substances from rancidity ; a fact derived originally from the Indians who prepared bear's fat by melting it with the bark in the proportion of a drachm of the latter to a pound of the former, keeping them heated together for a few minutes, and then straining off the fat. Dr. Wright tried the name process with butter and lard and found them to remain perfectly sweet for a long time. (Am. J. Pharm. xxiv, 180,) U. S. Disp. 12th Ed. Dr. McDowel, of Virginia, used the bark for the dilatation of fistulas and strictures, (Med. Exam, i, 244,) and Dr. H. E. Storer, of Boston, subsequently for dilating the os uteri. (Bost. Med. And Surg. J. liii, 300.) See U. S. Disp.

WHITE ELM, ( Ulmus Americana, Mx.) Vicinity of Charleston; N. C. Mer. and de L. Diet, de M. Med. vi, 799 ; Coxe, Am. Disp. 611; Phil. Med. Mus. 11. The U. fulva probably referred to. The wood of the white elm, like that of the common European elm, is of a dark brown ; and cut transversely, or obliquely to the longitudinal fibres, it exhibits the same numerous and fine undulations, but it splits more easily and has less compactness. It is, however, used at the North for the naves of coach wheels, because it is difficult to procure the black gum. In Maine it is used for the keels of vessels. Its bark is said to be easily detached during eight months of the year; soaked in water and suppled by pounding, it is used in the Northern States for the bottoms of common chairs. Miehaux,

The Thomsonian System of Medicine states:

SLIPPERY ELM BARK. - Ulmus Fulva.

The inner bark of this tree is an article of much value, and may be used to advantage in many different ways. There are several species of the elm that grow common in this country, and there are two kinds of the slippery elm. In one the bark is rather hard and tough, and the other is very brittle; the latter is the best for medicinal uses. The bark should be peeled, the outside rind shaved off, dried, and ground or pounded to a fine powder. If used internally, put a teaspoonful of this powder into a teacup with as much sugar, mix them well together, then add a little cold water and stir it until perfectly mixed, and then put hot water to it and stir till it forms a jelly thick enough to be eaten with a spoon. A teacupful may be taken at a time, and is an excellent medicine to heal soreness in the throat, stomach and bowels, caused by canker; or more hot water may be put to it and made into a drink and freely taken for the same purpose. I have always made much use of this bark for poultices, and have in all cases found it a most excellent article for that purpose. Mixed with pounded cracker and ginger it makes the best poultices I have ever found for burns, scalds, felons, old sores, etc., it is the best thing that can be used to allay the inflammation, ease the pain and heal them in a short time. With Lobelia, it forms an excellent poultice for abscesses and boils. In constipation, dysentery, diarrhoea and cholera infantum, used both internally and per rectal injection, it soothes and relieves the intestinal irritation. It is a nutritious demulcent, soothing to the mucous membrane wherever needed and quieting to the nervous system. In diphtheria, after the throat has been ridded of the decayed membrane, it is quite raw, also during the scaling process in scarlatina and measles and at times in typhoid fever; slippery elm is then a very important agent.

King's American Dispensatory, 1898 tells us:

Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage.—Elm bark is nutritive, expectorant, diuretic, demulcent, and emollient, and is a very valuable remedial agent. In mucous inflammations of the lungs, bowels, stomach, bladder, or kidneys, used freely in the form of a mucilaginous drink (1 ounce of the powdered bark to 1 pint of water), it is highly beneficial, as well as in diarrhoea, dysentery, coughs, pleurisy, strangury, and sore throat, in all of which it tends powerfully to allay the inflammation. A tablespoonful of the powder boiled in a pint of new milk, affords a nourishing diet for infants weaned from the breast, preventing the bowel complaints to which they are subject, and rendering them fat and healthy. Some physicians consider the constant use of it, during and after the seventh month of gestation, as advantageous in facilitating and causing an easy delivery; ½ pint of the infusion to be drank daily. Elm bark has likewise been successfully employed externally in cutaneous diseases, especially in obstinate cases of herpetic and syphilitic eruptions, and certainly possesses more efficient virtues than are commonly supposed. As an emollient poultice, the bark has been found very serviceable when applied to inflamed parts, suppurating tumors, fresh wounds, burns, scalds, bruises, and ulcers; and in the excruciating pains of the testes, which accompany the metastasis of mumps, whether of recent or long standing, the constant use of an elm poultice, regularly changed every 4 hours, will be found a superior remedy. Notwithstanding its general value as an application to ulcers, it will often be found injurious, especially when used as a cataplasm to ulcers of the limbs, rendering the ulcer more irritable and difficult to heal, and frequently converting a simple sore, which might be cured by astringent or other washes, into an almost intractable ulcer; much care is, therefore, required in the application of this bark externally. As an injection, the infusion will prove useful in diarrhoea, dysentery, tenesmus, and hemorrhoids, also in gonorrhoea and gleet. The powder, sprinkled on the surface of the body, will prevent and heal excoriations and chafings, and allay the itching and heat of erysipelas. As the bark increases in bulk by imbibing moisture, it has been recommended to form bougies and tents of it for the dilatation of strictures, fistulas, etc., but in urethral strictures it has proved troublesome, from the liability of the part behind the stricture breaking off in the attempt to withdraw it, and passing into the bladder. The infusion of the bark is the common form of administration, and may be drank ad libitum (J. King). (See Mucilago Ulmi.)

Euell Gibbons tells us:

Medical books list the properties of slippery elm as demulcent, emollient, expectorant, diuretic, soothing and laxative. …

The early settlers learned from the Indians how to sue slippery elm, and it became one of the most important home remedies in early America. …It is very good for coughs, colds, influenza, pleurisy, quinsy, dysentery and painful menstruation.

Plants for A Future Lists:

Medicinal use of American Elm: An infusion made from the bark has been used in the treatment of bleeding from the lungs, ruptures, coughs, colds, influenza, dysentery, eye infections, cramps and diarrhoea. An infusion of the bark has been taken by pregnant women to secure stability of children. A decoction of the bark has been used as a wash on wounds. A decoction of the inner bark has been taken in the treatment of severe coughs, colds, menstrual cramps. An infusion of the inner bark has been drunk, and used as a bath, in the treatment of appendicitis. An infusion of the root bark has been used in the treatment of coughs, colds and excessive menstruation. A decoction has been used as an eye wash in the treatment of sore eyes. The inner bark has been used as an emollient on tumours.

Medicinal use of Slippery Elm: Slippery elm bark is a widely used herbal remedy and is considered to be one of the most valuable of remedies in herbal practice. In particular, it is a gentle and effective remedy for irritated states of the mucous membranes of the chest, urinary tubules, stomach and intestines. The inner bark contains large quantities of a sticky slime that can be dried to a powder or made into a liquid. The inner bark is harvested in the spring from the main trunk and from larger branches, it is then dried and powdered for use as required. Ten year old bark is said to be best. Fine grades of the powder are best for internal use, coarse grades are better suited to poultices. The plant is also part of a North American formula called essiac which is a popular treatment for cancer. Its effectiveness has never been reliably proven or disproven since controlled studies have not been carried out. The other herbs included in the formula are Arctium lappa, Rumex acetosella and Rheum palmatum. The inner bark is demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, nutritive. It has a soothing and healing effect on all parts of the body that it comes into contact with and is used in the treatment of sore throats, indigestion, digestive irritation, stomach ulcers etc. It used to be frequently used as a food that was a nutritive tonic for the old, young and convalescents. It was also applied externally to fresh wounds, burns and scalds. The bark has been used as an antioxidant to prevent fats going rancid.

Peterson Field Guides Eastern and Central Medicinal Plants us:

Slippery Elm: Three tablespoons of inner bark in a cup of hot water makes a thick, mucilaginous tea, traditionally used for sore throats, upset stomach, indigestion, digestive irritation, stomach ulcers, coughs, pleurisy, said to help in diarrhea and dysentery. Inner bark considered edible. Once used as a nutritive broth for children, the elderly, and convalescing patients who had difficulty consuming or digesting food. Externally the thick tea, made from powdered inner bark, was applied to fresh wounds, ulcers, burns, scalds. Science confirms tea is soothing to mucous membranes and softens hardened tissue. Bark once used as an antioxidant to prevent rancidity of fat.

Botany In a Day states:

Slippery Elm: the leaves are edible raw or cooked. The bark may be dried and ground into flour; it is used in times of scarcity. The green fruits are also edible. The slippery Elm, Ulmus fulva, is widely popular as a medicinal plant. The inner bark is highly mucilaginous and somewhat astringent. Other species may be more stringent and less mucilaginous. The Elm is used especially as a soothing remedy, externally as an emollient for burns or internally as a demulcent for sore throats or other internal inflammations, including diarrhea. It is the kind of remedy that can be used for just about anything. A friend once gave me some in tea to reduce a fever on an expedition. I recall that it was very effective.

The Physicians’ Desk Reference for Herbal medicine tells us of Elm bark:

The drug has diuretic and astringent properties. Unproven uses: internally, the drug is used for digestive disorders and severe cases of diarrhea. Externally it is used to treat open wounds. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic doses.

This article is an excerpt from The Medicinal Trees of the American South, An Herbalist's Guide: by Judson Carroll

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Disclaimer

The information on this site is not intended to diagnose or treat any disease or condition. Nothing on this site has been evaluated or approved by the FDA. I am not a doctor. The US government does not recognize the practice of herbal medicine and their is no governing body regulating herbalists. Therefore, I'm just a guy who studies herbs. I am not offering any advice. I won't even claim that anything I write is accurate or true! I can tell you what herbs have "traditionally been used for." I can tell you my own experience and if I believe an herb helped me. I cannot, nor would I tell you to do the same. If you use any herb I, or anyone else, mentions you are treating yourself. You take full responsibility for your health. Humans are individuals and no two are identical. What works for me may not work for you. You may have an allergy, sensitivity or underlying condition that no one else shares and you don't even know about. Be careful with your health. By continuing to read my blog you agree to be responsible for yourself, do your own research, make your own choices and not to blame me for anything, ever.